P. 396 - 401
- Trade quickened and populations grew b/c of rising confidence as assertive regimes restored order and authority in a number of states.
Population Increase
- Plague began to lessen (b/c they developed the immune system), bad harvest became less frequent (b/c or warming climate), and families were able to produce more surviving children.
- Consequences of the Increase
Food price increased.
Landowners put up fences around common tilling or grazing ground traditionally open to all the animals of the locality, and reserved it for their own crops or their sheep.
People also started to move to towns and cities.
Economic Growth
- Commercial profits kept pace with those of agriculture.
- Shipbuilding and glassmaking became very popular.
- The Growth of Banking
Johannes Fugger of Augsburg financed the Spanish King Charles I’s quest for the throne of the Holy Roman Empire, and after the war, he became the Emperor Charles V.
Great bankers were often closely allied with monarchs.
They gained from the growing power of central governments.
Italian and German bankers controlled Europe’s finances.
New Kinds of Businesses
- The guild system and the structure of merchant enterprises became more elaborate.
- A business firm was an impersonal entity, which was larger than the person who owned it, with an identity, legal status, permanence, and even profits that were not the same as those of its members.
- Inflation -> The modest inflation was an indication that demand was rising, and it not only boosted profits but also reduced people’s debts, b/c the amount that had been borrowed was worth less each year.
-Silver imports
A major reason for the inflation was the growth of the population, but also by the huge quantities of silver the Spanish imported from the New World.
The flow of New World silver was the main reason for the end of the crippling shortage of precious metal sand coins that had plagued Europe for centuries.
Its stock of silver had tripled.
- The commercial Revolution -> Europe’s commercial revolution: as the volume of trade rose, new mechanisms for organizing large-scale economic activity were put in place.
- Capitalism
It was both a product of economic change.
It is often thought of as a system, but it refers primarily to the distinct outlook and kinds of behaviors displayed by certain people as they make, buy, and sell goods.
This requires taking risks and also reinvesting whatever one earns so as to enlarge one’s profit.
Expansion overseas
P. 401-407
- Europeans were trying to reach the Far East.
The Portuguese
- Henry the Navigator
He captured the North African port of Ceuta.
He was there to find an alternative route to India and the Far East around Africa.
- Treaty of Tordesillas: IT was signed by Portuguese and Spanish in 1494, which have Portugal possession of all the lands to the east of an imaginary line about 300 miles west of the Azores and Spain a monopoly of everything to the west.
- The Portuguese Empire -> They relied on a chain of small trading bases that stretched from West Africa to China. Portugal’s merchants controlled Europe’s most valuable trade
The Spaniards
- They found their empire on conquest and colonization, not trade.
The Centralization of Political Power
P. 407
- The economic and social transformations that began around 1500 gained important support from the actions of central governments in England, France, and Spain. They were successful in accumulating and centralizing power, so called them “new monarchs.”
- form basis of a "modern state"
Tudor England
-only 50-60 noble families
- Gentry: not nobility, but had large estates
dominant figures at the parish, county, and even national levels-> strong sense of duty.
often Justices of Peace (unpaid position of great honor)
- Parliament and Common Law
Parliament-> issued an increasingly necessary stamp of approval to monarch's actions
Common law ->system of justice based on precedent and “common” tradition, made by individual judges and the decisions of juries.
- Henry VII and the Revival of Royal Power
increased the authority of the royal council, and had his councilors serve on a new, powerful court, known as Star Chamber.
Star Chamber = royal court, unquestionable and unchecked (no overturning of decisions)
it and other royal courts came to be seen as threats to England’s traditional common law.
- Henry VIII
defeat Scottish 1513
when break w/ church, Reformation Parliament
uber empowered, esp. the house of commons
Privy Council (grow into modern cabinet) formed
Thomas Cromwell =advisor
-Edward IV, dies shortly after taking throne & protestants thrive
-Mary I, Catholic, provokes revolts and craziness
-Elizabeth I (yay!!!!!)
Valois France
- France lacked a well-formed organization for local government
- Aristocrats dominated many regions, nobles almost completely autonomous
- Size of the kingdom also limited royal power.
- Royal Administration
Paris Parlement -> appointment-only body that adhered to Roman Law
Roman Law -> based on royal decree and allowed monarch to govern by issuing ordinances and edicts.
Local Parlements -> a recognition of the continuing strength of the demand for local autonomy.
- Standing army
The most decisive source of power available to the French king.
Only the central government could afford.
People had to suffer from heavy taxation.
-Louis XI (1461-1483)
1474-77 takes down Charles the Bold, Duke of Burdgundy, a noble that had rebelled
expand west and south
-Charles VIII (1483-1498)
begin prolonged struggle w/ Hapsburgs for Italian land
war need to lead for MORE revenue, the wealthiest got tax cuts
resort to selling offices and tithes
-Francis I (1515-1547)
1516, deal with Pope so Crown appoints French Church officials
legalize sale of offices
create lit de justice with which to override parlements
Spain
-Three Parts:
Portugal (to the west ... duh)
Castile
biggest pop., most & best land, strongest nobles
fight Muslims to South in chivalric tradition
Aragon (to the east)
1469, Isabella (heir to Castile) marry Ferdinand (heir to Aragon & Sicily)
- after a 10 yr. war w/ Castilian nobles, CREATES SPAIN
- Aragon remain the same, ruled by cortes
cortes = provincial representative assemblies
- Castile = assertion of central power
cortes of Castile have overarching representation of castile as a whole (brings peace through anti-crime tribunals, etc.)
- overhaul administration
less nobles
positions granted based on ability
hidalgos when hurt by loss of tax exemptions, turn to gov. jobs for a living (key!)
taxes w/out consent of Cortes
turn Castilian Law into a code/constitution
roman law throughout land
centralized judicial system
- overcome independent military orders by 1500
- 1492, defeat of Muslims & gain control of church appointments
- majorly increased revenue!
- establish embassies all over Europe
- Religious zeal works to centralize gov.
1483, Inquisition, target both past and practicing Muslims and Jews
- Isabella dies 1504, Ferdinand begins Italian Empire
-Ferdinand dies 1516
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1516-1556)
-king of both Hapsburg Germany & Spain
-alienate Castilians by not being there, and not speaking the language
-after he leaves for germany (again) in 1520, revolts galore
-manages to unite the country again w/ imperial
in mexico
versus ottoman turks
-bureaucracy finalized
councils by deptartment and by geography
all answer to council of state
major decisions to central gov, but still considerable autonomy
viceroys report to audencia (territorial council)
- money needed for constant territorial wars and not even distribution of taxes!
vast amounts of silver from America, but still declared bankruptcy in 1557 (first time)
(for another telling of the Spain story, (and more!) click the link below) Expansion
Expansion at Home
P. 396 - 401- Trade quickened and populations grew b/c of rising confidence as assertive regimes restored order and authority in a number of states.
Population Increase
- Plague began to lessen (b/c they developed the immune system), bad harvest became less frequent (b/c or warming climate), and families were able to produce more surviving children.
- Consequences of the Increase
Economic Growth
- Commercial profits kept pace with those of agriculture.
- Shipbuilding and glassmaking became very popular.
- The Growth of Banking
New Kinds of Businesses
- The guild system and the structure of merchant enterprises became more elaborate.
- A business firm was an impersonal entity, which was larger than the person who owned it, with an identity, legal status, permanence, and even profits that were not the same as those of its members.
- Inflation -> The modest inflation was an indication that demand was rising, and it not only boosted profits but also reduced people’s debts, b/c the amount that had been borrowed was worth less each year.
-Silver imports
- A major reason for the inflation was the growth of the population, but also by the huge quantities of silver the Spanish imported from the New World.
- The flow of New World silver was the main reason for the end of the crippling shortage of precious metal sand coins that had plagued Europe for centuries.
- Its stock of silver had tripled.
- The commercial Revolution -> Europe’s commercial revolution: as the volume of trade rose, new mechanisms for organizing large-scale economic activity were put in place.- Capitalism
Expansion overseas
P. 401-407- Europeans were trying to reach the Far East.
The Portuguese
- Henry the Navigator
- He captured the North African port of Ceuta.
- He was there to find an alternative route to India and the Far East around Africa.
- Treaty of Tordesillas: IT was signed by Portuguese and Spanish in 1494, which have Portugal possession of all the lands to the east of an imaginary line about 300 miles west of the Azores and Spain a monopoly of everything to the west.- The Portuguese Empire -> They relied on a chain of small trading bases that stretched from West Africa to China. Portugal’s merchants controlled Europe’s most valuable trade
The Spaniards
- They found their empire on conquest and colonization, not trade.
The Centralization of Political Power
P. 407- The economic and social transformations that began around 1500 gained important support from the actions of central governments in England, France, and Spain. They were successful in accumulating and centralizing power, so called them “new monarchs.”
- form basis of a "modern state"
Tudor England
-only 50-60 noble families
- Gentry: not nobility, but had large estates
- dominant figures at the parish, county, and even national levels-> strong sense of duty.
- often Justices of Peace (unpaid position of great honor)
- Parliament and Common Law- Parliament-> issued an increasingly necessary stamp of approval to monarch's actions
- Common law ->system of justice based on precedent and “common” tradition, made by individual judges and the decisions of juries.
- Henry VII and the Revival of Royal Power- increased the authority of the royal council, and had his councilors serve on a new, powerful court, known as Star Chamber.
- Star Chamber = royal court, unquestionable and unchecked (no overturning of decisions)
- it and other royal courts came to be seen as threats to England’s traditional common law.
- Henry VIII- defeat Scottish 1513
- when break w/ church, Reformation Parliament
- uber empowered, esp. the house of commons
- Privy Council (grow into modern cabinet) formed
- Thomas Cromwell =advisor
-Edward IV, dies shortly after taking throne & protestants thrive-Mary I, Catholic, provokes revolts and craziness
-Elizabeth I (yay!!!!!)
Valois France
- France lacked a well-formed organization for local government
- Aristocrats dominated many regions, nobles almost completely autonomous
- Size of the kingdom also limited royal power.
- Royal Administration
- Paris Parlement -> appointment-only body that adhered to Roman Law
- Roman Law -> based on royal decree and allowed monarch to govern by issuing ordinances and edicts.
- Local Parlements -> a recognition of the continuing strength of the demand for local autonomy.
- Standing army- The most decisive source of power available to the French king.
- Only the central government could afford.
- People had to suffer from heavy taxation.
-Louis XI (1461-1483)- 1474-77 takes down Charles the Bold, Duke of Burdgundy, a noble that had rebelled
- expand west and south
-Charles VIII (1483-1498)- begin prolonged struggle w/ Hapsburgs for Italian land
- war need to lead for MORE revenue, the wealthiest got tax cuts
- resort to selling offices and tithes
-Francis I (1515-1547)Spain
-Three Parts:
- Portugal (to the west ... duh)
- Castile
- biggest pop., most & best land, strongest nobles
- fight Muslims to South in chivalric tradition
- Aragon (to the east)
1469, Isabella (heir to Castile) marry Ferdinand (heir to Aragon & Sicily)- after a 10 yr. war w/ Castilian nobles, CREATES SPAIN
- Aragon remain the same, ruled by cortes
- cortes = provincial representative assemblies
- Castile = assertion of central power- cortes of Castile have overarching representation of castile as a whole (brings peace through anti-crime tribunals, etc.)
- overhaul administration- less nobles
- positions granted based on ability
- hidalgos when hurt by loss of tax exemptions, turn to gov. jobs for a living (key!)
- taxes w/out consent of Cortes
- turn Castilian Law into a code/constitution
- roman law throughout land
- centralized judicial system
- overcome independent military orders by 1500- 1492, defeat of Muslims & gain control of church appointments
- majorly increased revenue!
- establish embassies all over Europe
- Religious zeal works to centralize gov.
- 1483, Inquisition, target both past and practicing Muslims and Jews
- Isabella dies 1504, Ferdinand begins Italian Empire-Ferdinand dies 1516
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1516-1556)
-king of both Hapsburg Germany & Spain
-alienate Castilians by not being there, and not speaking the language
-after he leaves for germany (again) in 1520, revolts galore
-manages to unite the country again w/ imperial
- in mexico
- versus ottoman turks
-bureaucracy finalized- councils by deptartment and by geography
- all answer to council of state
- major decisions to central gov, but still considerable autonomy
- viceroys report to audencia (territorial council)
- money needed for constant territorial wars and not even distribution of taxes!(for another telling of the Spain story, (and more!) click the link below)
Expansion